update to 2009-07-03
[18] Zhiyong Yu, Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, Daqing Zhang, and Yuichi Nakamura. Meeting Warming-up: Detecting Common Interests and Conflicts among Participants before a Meeting. Journal of Universal Computer Science (JUCS), Springer Press, 2009.
[17] 於志勇, 周兴社, 王海鹏, 倪红波, 於志文, 王柱. "动态上下文知识的获取与共享". 计算机科学, No. 9, 2009.
Zhiyong Yu, Xingshe Zhou, Haipeng Wang, Hongbo Ni, Zhiwen Yu, and Zhu Wang. Dynamic Context Knowledge Acquisition and Sharing. Computer Science (In Chinese), No. 9, 2009.
[16] Zhiwen Yu, Zhiyong Yu, Yusa Ko, Xingshe Zhou, and Yuichi Nakamura. Inferring Human Interactions in Meetings: A Multimodal Approach. The 6th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing (UIC 2009), July 7-9, 2009, Brisbane, Australia.
[15] Zhiyong Yu, Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, and Yuichi Nakamura. Handling Conditional Preferences in Recommender Systems. The 14th ACM International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI 2009), February 8-11, 2009, Sanibel Island, Florida, USA.
[14] Zhiyong Yu, Xingshe Zhou, Zhiwen Yu, Jong Hyuk Park, and Jianhua Ma. iMuseum: A Scalable Context-Aware Intelligent Museum System. Computer Communications (ComCom), Elsevier Press, Vol. 31, Issue 18, 2008, pp. 4376-4382.
[13] Zhiyong Yu, Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, and Yuichi Nakamura. Meeting Warming-up: Detecting Common Interests and Conflicts before a Meeting. The 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2008), Poster, November 8-12, 2008, San Diego, CA, USA.
[12] Zhiyong Yu, Zhiyi Yang, Fan Zhang, Zhiwen Yu, and Tuanqing Zhang. Replication-Based Partial Dynamic Scheduling on Heterogeneous Network Processors. The 7th International Symposium on Advanced Parallel Processing Technologies (APPT 2007), pp. 4-13, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer-Verlag, November 22-23, 2007, Guangzhou, China.
[11] 於志勇, 杨志义, 於志文, 李长德. "XML数据存储方式的性能评价研究". 计算机工程与应用, Vol. 42, No. 17, 2006, pp. 171-173.
Zhiyong Yu, Zhiyi Yang, Zhiwen Yu, and Changde Li. Performance Evaluation of XML Data Storage. Computer Engineering and Applications (In Chinese), Vol. 42, No. 17, 2006, pp. 171-173.
[10] 於志勇. "基于网络处理器的防火墙关键技术与算法研究". 西北工业大学, 西安, 硕士学位论文, 2007.
Zhiyong Yu. Key Technologies and Algorithms of the Firewall based on Network Processors. Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Master thesis (In Chinese), 2007.
[9] 杨志义, 於志勇, 张凡, 沈健. "基于网络处理器的NAT优化设计". 计算机工程, Vol. 32, No. 7, 2007, pp. 112-113.
Zhiyi Yang, Zhiyong Yu, Fan Zhang, and Jian Shen. Optimized Design of NAT based on Network Processor. Computer Engineering (In Chinese), Vol. 32, No. 7, 2007, pp. 112-113.
[8] Zhiwen Yu, Zhiyong Yu, Hideki Aoyama, Motoyuki Ozeki, and Yuichi Nakamura. Social Interaction Detection and Browsing in Meetings. The 10th International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp 2008), Poster, September 21-24, 2008, Seoul, South Korea.
[7] Zhiwen Yu, Zhiyong Yu, and Xingshe Zhou. UPMSM: A Lifecycle Management Model for Ubiquitous Personalized Multimedia Services. Journal of Information and Computing Science (JIC), World Academic Press, UK, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2008, pp. 153-160.
[6] Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, Zhiyong Yu, Daqing Zhang, and Chung-Yau Chin. An OSGi-Based Infrastructure for Context-Aware Multimedia Services. IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 44, No. 10, October 2006, pp. 136-142.
[5] 於志文, 周兴社, 於志勇. "普适个性化多媒体服务技术综述". 计算机应用研究, Vol. 23, No. 10, 2006, pp. 6-10.
Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, and Zhiyong Yu. A Survey of Ubiquitous Personalized Multimedia Service Technology. Application Research of Computers (In Chinese), Vol. 23, No. 10, 2006, pp. 6-10.
[4] 沈健, 周兴社, 张凡, 於志勇. "基于网络处理器的防火墙优化设计与研究". 计算机工程, Vol. 32, No. 10, 2007, pp. 172-174.
Jian Shen, Xingshe Zhou, Fan Zhang, and Zhiyong Yu. Optimized Design and Research of Firewall Based on Network Processor. Computer Engineering (In Chinese), Vol. 32, No. 10, 2007, pp. 172-174.
[3] 王海鹏, 周兴社, 倪红波, 於志勇, 王柱, 周珊丹. "面向智能博物馆的主动式个性化信息服务". 第三届和谐人机环境联合学术会议(HHME 2007), 清华大学出版社, 2007, pp. 528-534.
Haipeng Wang, Xingshe Zhou, Hongbo Ni, Zhiyong Yu, Zhu Wang, and Shandan Zhou. Smart Museum-Oriented Proactive Personalized Information Services. The 3rd Joint Conference on Harmonious Human Machine Environment (HHME 2007) (In Chinese), Tsinghua University Press, 2007, pp. 528-534.
[2] Zhiwen Yu, Xingshe Zhou, Daqing Zhang, Artur Lugmayr, and Zhiyong Yu. A Ubiquitous Personalized Multimedia Service Model Based on FSM. The 6th IEEE International Conference on Information and Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC 2005), pp. 801-802, IEEE Computer Society Press, April 4-6, 2005, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
[1] 王德海, 孙素芬, 谢咏才, 谭英, 於志勇. "开展农村远程信息服务的策略分析". 中国远程教育, No. 9, 2005, pp. 52-54.
Dehai Wang, Sufen Sun, Yongcai Xie, Ying Tan, and Zhiyong Yu. Strategy Analysis on Promoting Rural Distance Information Service. China Distance Education (In Chinese), No. 9, 2005, pp. 52-54.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Monday, April 27, 2009
Google真奇怪
我刚才用Google英文版搜索“什么是自信”，不要引号，结果出来很多“什么是地震”的结果，不知道为什么。难道在英文版里，这两个词的编码是一样的？如果整体打上引号，却能搜到正确结果。然后我又用Google中文版试了一下，没有出现类似的情况。
Sunday, April 26, 2009
马可波罗游记
在京大东边不远的地方有个“朋友书店”，能买到一些中文书籍，主要是历史、小说、医药等类型。我挑了一本“马可波罗游记”，定价23元RMB，那里卖1700日元的样子。早就听说这本书，一直没亲自阅读。店主是日本人，但会说中文。
那时欧洲人非常羡慕东方的繁荣富饶，真是三十年河东，三十年河西啊。书中提到非常多的地名，但却没有提供路线图，我从网上找到了一份，放在这里。
那时欧洲人非常羡慕东方的繁荣富饶，真是三十年河东，三十年河西啊。书中提到非常多的地名，但却没有提供路线图，我从网上找到了一份，放在这里。
Wednesday, April 22, 2009
Flash Game: World Wars
World Wars是一款让人上瘾的flash小游戏。看我玩的这个截图，贼像三国鼎立时期的样子。
有趣的是，每块领土上的数字表示骰(tóu)子数，如果进攻方所掷骰子的点数和大于防御方，则占领防御方的那块领土，否则，即小于或等于，则进攻失败。那么1骰对1骰，赢的可能性多大？不是0.5，而是5/12。那么2骰对1骰，赢的可能性多大？约为0.838。那么3骰对2骰呢？有没有简单的方法计算？
有趣的是，每块领土上的数字表示骰(tóu)子数，如果进攻方所掷骰子的点数和大于防御方，则占领防御方的那块领土，否则，即小于或等于，则进攻失败。那么1骰对1骰，赢的可能性多大？不是0.5，而是5/12。那么2骰对1骰，赢的可能性多大？约为0.838。那么3骰对2骰呢？有没有简单的方法计算？
Thursday, April 16, 2009
Interesting Things on Net
http://kakaku.com/spec/K0000002038/
xiao TIP-521，一款“拍立得”数码相机。本想买来玩，觉得实用性不高，还是算了。
http://3016.jp/e-monz/item.cgi?up_item5=088
录音手表，我觉得比录音笔的隐蔽性更高，如果是声控的就好了。
http://www.revex.jp/wsa500.html
防丢铃（我取的名字），防贵重物品丢失的信号挂饰，已经商品化了。
http://www.gazopa.com/sign_in
搜索引擎，以图搜图，能自己画草图，然后找出相近的图片。
http://www.tokbox.com/
打开网页就能视频聊天，可以视频会议。
http://www.dualosx.com/dualosx_en.htm
用两个鼠标操作同一台电脑，互不干扰。可惜还没有针对Windows系统的。
http://www.midomi.com/
搜索引擎，哼歌找歌。
xiao TIP-521，一款“拍立得”数码相机。本想买来玩，觉得实用性不高，还是算了。
http://3016.jp/e-monz/item.cgi?up_item5=088
录音手表，我觉得比录音笔的隐蔽性更高，如果是声控的就好了。
http://www.revex.jp/wsa500.html
防丢铃（我取的名字），防贵重物品丢失的信号挂饰，已经商品化了。
http://www.gazopa.com/sign_in
搜索引擎，以图搜图，能自己画草图，然后找出相近的图片。
http://www.tokbox.com/
打开网页就能视频聊天，可以视频会议。
http://www.dualosx.com/dualosx_en.htm
用两个鼠标操作同一台电脑，互不干扰。可惜还没有针对Windows系统的。
http://www.midomi.com/
搜索引擎，哼歌找歌。
Tuesday, April 14, 2009
安装亚特兰蒂斯的秘密
“亚特兰蒂斯”系列是我喜欢的游戏之一。还有“盟军敢死队”系列，“三国志”系列，“星际争霸”，“暗黑破坏神2”，“三国群英传2”，“曹操传”，“拳皇98”，“雷电”，“百战天虫”等。
从VeryCD网上通过电驴终于下载到了[亚特兰蒂斯的秘密].The.Secrets.of.Atlantis.The.Sacred.Legacy-iMPACT.rar，可是解压后，得到一个.diz文件，一个.nfo文件和97个.zip文件，不知道如何安装。在网上找了半天，除了一个人跟我问同样的问题外，没有任何线索。于是我发挥“自己动手，丰衣足食”的精神，探索成功了安装方法，在此分享经验，以免其他人再走弯路。
1、解压所有的.zip文件，得到从.c00到.c95的文件和一个.ace文件。
2、继续解压.ace文件，得到setup.bat文件、Setup.reg文件和其他一些文件。
3、运行setup.bat文件，这个要花费不少时间，就我的机器而言，近10分钟。得到The Secrets of Atlantis.exe和其他一些文件。
4、双击Setup.reg并确定。（如果不做这个步骤，进不了游戏）
5、运行The Secrets of Atlantis.exe，进入游戏。
6、可以删除那些临时文件，如.rar，.zip，.ace，.c??等文件。
从VeryCD网上通过电驴终于下载到了[亚特兰蒂斯的秘密].The.Secrets.of.Atlantis.The.Sacred.Legacy-iMPACT.rar，可是解压后，得到一个.diz文件，一个.nfo文件和97个.zip文件，不知道如何安装。在网上找了半天，除了一个人跟我问同样的问题外，没有任何线索。于是我发挥“自己动手，丰衣足食”的精神，探索成功了安装方法，在此分享经验，以免其他人再走弯路。
1、解压所有的.zip文件，得到从.c00到.c95的文件和一个.ace文件。
2、继续解压.ace文件，得到setup.bat文件、Setup.reg文件和其他一些文件。
3、运行setup.bat文件，这个要花费不少时间，就我的机器而言，近10分钟。得到The Secrets of Atlantis.exe和其他一些文件。
4、双击Setup.reg并确定。（如果不做这个步骤，进不了游戏）
5、运行The Secrets of Atlantis.exe，进入游戏。
6、可以删除那些临时文件，如.rar，.zip，.ace，.c??等文件。
Wednesday, April 8, 2009
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Tuesday, April 7, 2009
IPIP-NEO Narrative Report
This report compares John from the country China to other men between 21 and 40 years of age. This report estimates the individual's level on each of the five broad personality domains of the Five-Factor Model. The description of each one of the five broad domains is followed by a more detailed description of personality according to the six subdomains that comprise each domain.
A note on terminology. Personality traits describe, relative to other people, the frequency or intensity of a person's feelings, thoughts, or behaviors. Possession of a trait is therefore a matter of degree. We might describe two individuals as extraverts, but still see one as more extraverted than the other. This report uses expressions such as "extravert" or "high in extraversion" to describe someone who is likely to be seen by others as relatively extraverted. The computer program that generates this report classifies you as low, average, or high in a trait according to whether your score is approximately in the lowest 30%, middle 40%, or highest 30% of scores obtained by people of your sex and roughly your age. Your numerical scores are reported and graphed as percentile estimates. For example, a score of "60" means that your level on that trait is estimated to be higher than 60% of persons of your sex and age.
Please keep in mind that "low," "average," and "high" scores on a personality test are neither absolutely good nor bad. A particular level on any trait will probably be neutral or irrelevant for a great many activites, be helpful for accomplishing some things, and detrimental for accomplishing other things. As with any personality inventory, scores and descriptions can only approximate an individual's actual personality. High and low score descriptions are usually accurate, but average scores close to the low or high boundaries might misclassify you as only average. On each set of six subdomain scales it is somewhat uncommon but certainly possible to score high in some of the subdomains and low in the others. In such cases more attention should be paid to the subdomain scores than to the broad domain score. Questions about the accuracy of your results are best resolved by showing your report to people who know you well.
John A. Johnson wrote descriptions of the five domains and thirty subdomains. These descriptions are based on an extensive reading of the scientific literature on personality measurement. Although Dr. Johnson would like to be acknowledged as the author of these materials if they are reproduced, he has placed them in the public domain.
Extraversion
Extraversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and often experience positive emotions. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented, individuals who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves.
Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and disengaged from the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; the introvert simply needs less stimulation than an extravert and prefers to be alone. The independence and reserve of the introvert is sometimes mistaken as unfriendliness or arrogance. In reality, an introvert who scores high on the agreeableness dimension will not seek others out but will be quite pleasant when approached.
EXTRAVERSION...............15
..Friendliness.............7
..Gregariousness...........55
..Assertiveness............17
..Activity Level...........27
..Excitement-Seeking.......36
..Cheerfulness.............11
Your score on Extraversion is low, indicating you are introverted, reserved, and quiet. You enjoy solitude and solitary activities. Your socializing tends to be restricted to a few close friends.
Extraversion Facets
Friendliness.
Friendly people genuinely like other people and openly demonstrate positive feelings toward others. They make friends quickly and it is easy for them to form close, intimate relationships. Low scorers on Friendliness are not necessarily cold and hostile, but they do not reach out to others and are perceived as distant and reserved. Your level of friendliness is low.
Gregariousness.
Gregarious people find the company of others pleasantly stimulating and rewarding. They enjoy the excitement of crowds. Low scorers tend to feel overwhelmed by, and therefore actively avoid, large crowds. They do not necessarily dislike being with people sometimes, but their need for privacy and time to themselves is much greater than for individuals who score high on this scale. Your level of gregariousness is average.
Assertiveness.
High scorers Assertiveness like to speak out, take charge, and direct the activities of others. They tend to be leaders in groups. Low scorers tend not to talk much and let others control the activities of groups. Your level of assertiveness is low.
Activity Level.
Active individuals lead fast-paced, busy lives. They move about quickly, energetically, and vigorously, and they are involved in many activities. People who score low on this scale follow a slower and more leisurely, relaxed pace. Your activity level is low.
Excitement-Seeking.
High scorers on this scale are easily bored without high levels of stimulation. They love bright lights and hustle and bustle. They are likely to take risks and seek thrills. Low scorers are overwhelmed by noise and commotion and are adverse to thrill-seeking. Your level of excitement-seeking is average.
Cheerfulness.
This scale measures positive mood and feelings, not negative emotions (which are a part of the Neuroticism domain). Persons who score high on this scale typically experience a range of positive feelings, including happiness, enthusiasm, optimism, and joy. Low scorers are not as prone to such energetic, high spirits. Your level of positive emotions is low.
Agreeableness
Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern with cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others'. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy.
Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others' well-being, and therefore are unlikely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others' motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.
Agreeableness is obviously advantageous for attaining and maintaining popularity. Agreeable people are better liked than disagreeable people. On the other hand, agreeableness is not useful in situations that require tough or absolute objective decisions. Disagreeable people can make excellent scientists, critics, or soldiers.
AGREEABLENESS..............62
..Trust....................61
..Morality.................50
..Altruism.................22
..Cooperation..............80
..Modesty..................65
..Sympathy.................63
Your level of Agreeableness is average, indicating some concern with others' Needs, but, generally, unwillingness to sacrifice yourself for others.
Agreeableness Facets
Trust.
A person with high trust assumes that most people are fair, honest, and have good intentions. Persons low in trust see others as selfish, devious, and potentially dangerous. Your level of trust is average.
Morality.
High scorers on this scale see no need for pretense or manipulation when dealing with others and are therefore candid, frank, and sincere. Low scorers believe that a certain amount of deception in social relationships is necessary. People find it relatively easy to relate to the straightforward high-scorers on this scale. They generally find it more difficult to relate to the unstraightforward low-scorers on this scale. It should be made clear that low scorers are not unprincipled or immoral; they are simply more guarded and less willing to openly reveal the whole truth. Your level of morality is average.
Altruism.
Altruistic people find helping other people genuinely rewarding. Consequently, they are generally willing to assist those who are in need. Altruistic people find that doing things for others is a form of self-fulfillment rather than self-sacrifice. Low scorers on this scale do not particularly like helping those in need. Requests for help feel like an imposition rather than an opportunity for self-fulfillment. Your level of altruism is low.
Cooperation.
Individuals who score high on this scale dislike confrontations. They are perfectly willing to compromise or to deny their own needs in order to get along with others. Those who score low on this scale are more likely to intimidate others to get their way. Your level of compliance is high.
Modesty.
High scorers on this scale do not like to claim that they are better than other people. In some cases this attitude may derive from low self-confidence or self-esteem. Nonetheless, some people with high self-esteem find immodesty unseemly. Those who are willing to describe themselves as superior tend to be seen as disagreeably arrogant by other people. Your level of modesty is average.
Sympathy.
People who score high on this scale are tenderhearted and compassionate. They feel the pain of others vicariously and are easily moved to pity. Low scorers are not affected strongly by human suffering. They pride themselves on making objective judgments based on reason. They are more concerned with truth and impartial justice than with mercy. Your level of tender-mindedness is average.
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first impulse can be an effective response. Also, in times of play rather than work, acting spontaneously and impulsively can be fun. Impulsive individuals can be seen by others as colorful, fun-to-be-with, and zany.
Nonetheless, acting on impulse can lead to trouble in a number of ways. Some impulses are antisocial. Uncontrolled antisocial acts not only harm other members of society, but also can result in retribution toward the perpetrator of such impulsive acts. Another problem with impulsive acts is that they often produce immediate rewards but undesirable, long-term consequences. Examples include excessive socializing that leads to being fired from one's job, hurling an insult that causes the breakup of an important relationship, or using pleasure-inducing drugs that eventually destroy one's health.
Impulsive behavior, even when not seriously destructive, diminishes a person's effectiveness in significant ways. Acting impulsively disallows contemplating alternative courses of action, some of which would have been wiser than the impulsive choice. Impulsivity also sidetracks people during projects that require organized sequences of steps or stages. Accomplishments of an impulsive person are therefore small, scattered, and inconsistent.
A hallmark of intelligence, what potentially separates human beings from earlier life forms, is the ability to think about future consequences before acting on an impulse. Intelligent activity involves contemplation of long-range goals, organizing and planning routes to these goals, and persisting toward one's goals in the face of short-lived impulses to the contrary. The idea that intelligence involves impulse control is nicely captured by the term prudence, an alternative label for the Conscientiousness domain. Prudent means both wise and cautious. Persons who score high on the Conscientiousness scale are, in fact, perceived by others as intelligent.
The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as intelligent and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics. Furthermore, extremely conscientious individuals might be regarded as stuffy and boring. Unconscientious people may be criticized for their unreliability, lack of ambition, and failure to stay within the lines, but they will experience many short-lived pleasures and they will never be called stuffy.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS..........53
..Self-Efficacy............24
..Orderliness..............92
..Dutifulness..............54
..Achievement-Striving.....17
..Self-Discipline..........17
..Cautiousness.............80
Your score on Conscientiousness is average. This means you are reasonably reliable, organized, and self-controlled.
Conscientiousness Facets
Self-Efficacy.
Self-Efficacy describes confidence in one's ability to accomplish things. High scorers believe they have the intelligence (common sense), drive, and self-control necessary for achieving success. Low scorers do not feel effective, and may have a sense that they are not in control of their lives. Your level of self-efficacy is low.
Orderliness.
Persons with high scores on orderliness are well-organized. They like to live according to routines and schedules. They keep lists and make plans. Low scorers tend to be disorganized and scattered. Your level of orderliness is high.
Dutifulness.
This scale reflects the strength of a person's sense of duty and obligation. Those who score high on this scale have a strong sense of moral obligation. Low scorers find contracts, rules, and regulations overly confining. They are likely to be seen as unreliable or even irresponsible. Your level of dutifulness is average.
Achievement-Striving.
Individuals who score high on this scale strive hard to achieve excellence. Their drive to be recognized as successful keeps them on track toward their lofty goals. They often have a strong sense of direction in life, but extremely high scores may be too single-minded and obsessed with their work. Low scorers are content to get by with a minimal amount of work, and might be seen by others as lazy. Your level of achievement striving is low.
Self-Discipline.
Self-discipline-what many people call will-power-refers to the ability to persist at difficult or unpleasant tasks until they are completed. People who possess high self-discipline are able to overcome reluctance to begin tasks and stay on track despite distractions. Those with low self-discipline procrastinate and show poor follow-through, often failing to complete tasks-even tasks they want very much to complete. Your level of self-discipline is low.
Cautiousness.
Cautiousness describes the disposition to think through possibilities before acting. High scorers on the Cautiousness scale take their time when making decisions. Low scorers often say or do first thing that comes to mind without deliberating alternatives and the probable consequences of those alternatives. Your level of cautiousness is high.
Neuroticism
Freud originally used the term neurosis to describe a condition marked by mental distress, emotional suffering, and an inability to cope effectively with the normal demands of life. He suggested that everyone shows some signs of neurosis, but that we differ in our degree of suffering and our specific symptoms of distress. Today neuroticism refers to the tendency to experience negative feelings. Those who score high on Neuroticism may experience primarily one specific negative feeling such as anxiety, anger, or depression, but are likely to experience several of these emotions. People high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive. They respond emotionally to events that would not affect most people, and their reactions tend to be more intense than normal. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotic's ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings; frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain.
NEUROTICISM................41
..Anxiety..................36
..Anger....................8
..Depression...............72
..Self-Consciousness.......83
..Immoderation.............6
..Vulnerability............68
Your score on Neuroticism is average, indicating that your level of emotional reactivity is typical of the general population. Stressful and frustrating situations are somewhat upsetting to you, but you are generally able to get over these feelings and cope with these situations.
Neuroticism Facets
Anxiety.
The "fight-or-flight" system of the brain of anxious individuals is too easily and too often engaged. Therefore, people who are high in anxiety often feel like something dangerous is about to happen. They may be afraid of specific situations or be just generally fearful. They feel tense, jittery, and nervous. Persons low in Anxiety are generally calm and fearless. Your level of anxiety is average.
Anger.
Persons who score high in Anger feel enraged when things do not go their way. They are sensitive about being treated fairly and feel resentful and bitter when they feel they are being cheated. This scale measures the tendency to feel angry; whether or not the person expresses annoyance and hostility depends on the individual's level on Agreeableness. Low scorers do not get angry often or easily. Your level of anger is low.
Depression.
This scale measures the tendency to feel sad, dejected, and discouraged. High scorers lack energy and have difficult initiating activities. Low scorers tend to be free from these depressive feelings. Your level of depression is high.
Self-Consciousness.
Self-conscious individuals are sensitive about what others think of them. Their concern about rejection and ridicule cause them to feel shy and uncomfortable abound others. They are easily embarrassed and often feel ashamed. Their fears that others will criticize or make fun of them are exaggerated and unrealistic, but their awkwardness and discomfort may make these fears a self-fulfilling prophecy. Low scorers, in contrast, do not suffer from the mistaken impression that everyone is watching and judging them. They do not feel nervous in social situations. Your level or self-consciousness is high.
Immoderation.
Immoderate individuals feel strong cravings and urges that they have have difficulty resisting. They tend to be oriented toward short-term pleasures and rewards rather than long- term consequences. Low scorers do not experience strong, irresistible cravings and consequently do not find themselves tempted to overindulge. Your level of immoderation is low.
Vulnerability.
High scorers on Vulnerability experience panic, confusion, and helplessness when under pressure or stress. Low scorers feel more poised, confident, and clear-thinking when stressed. Your level of vulnerability is high.
Openness to Experience
Openness to Experience describes a dimension of cognitive style that distinguishes imaginative, creative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. Open people are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more aware of their feelings. They tend to think and act in individualistic and nonconforming ways. Intellectuals typically score high on Openness to Experience; consequently, this factor has also been called Culture or Intellect. Nonetheless, Intellect is probably best regarded as one aspect of openness to experience. Scores on Openness to Experience are only modestly related to years of education and scores on standard intelligent tests.
Another characteristic of the open cognitive style is a facility for thinking in symbols and abstractions far removed from concrete experience. Depending on the individual's specific intellectual abilities, this symbolic cognition may take the form of mathematical, logical, or geometric thinking, artistic and metaphorical use of language, music composition or performance, or one of the many visual or performing arts. People with low scores on openness to experience tend to have narrow, common interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavors as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistant to change.
Openness is often presented as healthier or more mature by psychologists, who are often themselves open to experience. However, open and closed styles of thinking are useful in different environments. The intellectual style of the open person may serve a professor well, but research has shown that closed thinking is related to superior job performance in police work, sales, and a number of service occupations.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE.....42
..Imagination..............11
..Artistic Interests.......60
..Emotionality.............32
..Adventurousness..........48
..Intellect................48
..Liberalism...............71
Your score on Openness to Experience is average, indicating you enjoy tradition but are willing to try new things. Your thinking is neither simple nor complex. To others you appear to be a well-educated person but not an intellectual.
Openness Facets
Imagination.
To imaginative individuals, the real world is often too plain and ordinary. High scorers on this scale use fantasy as a way of creating a richer, more interesting world. Low scorers are on this scale are more oriented to facts than fantasy. Your level of imagination is low.
Artistic Interests.
High scorers on this scale love beauty, both in art and in nature. They become easily involved and absorbed in artistic and natural events. They are not necessarily artistically trained nor talented, although many will be. The defining features of this scale are interest in, and appreciation of natural and artificial beauty. Low scorers lack aesthetic sensitivity and interest in the arts. Your level of artistic interests is average.
Emotionality.
Persons high on Emotionality have good access to and awareness of their own feelings. Low scorers are less aware of their feelings and tend not to express their emotions openly. Your level of emotionality is low.
Adventurousness.
High scorers on adventurousness are eager to try new activities, travel to foreign lands, and experience different things. They find familiarity and routine boring, and will take a new route home just because it is different. Low scorers tend to feel uncomfortable with change and prefer familiar routines. Your level of adventurousness is average.
Intellect.
Intellect and artistic interests are the two most important, central aspects of openness to experience. High scorers on Intellect love to play with ideas. They are open-minded to new and unusual ideas, and like to debate intellectual issues. They enjoy riddles, puzzles, and brain teasers. Low scorers on Intellect prefer dealing with either people or things rather than ideas. They regard intellectual exercises as a waste of time. Intellect should not be equated with intelligence. Intellect is an intellectual style, not an intellectual ability, although high scorers on Intellect score slightly higher than low-Intellect individuals on standardized intelligence tests. Your level of intellect is average.
Liberalism.
Psychological liberalism refers to a readiness to challenge authority, convention, and traditional values. In its most extreme form, psychological liberalism can even represent outright hostility toward rules, sympathy for law-breakers, and love of ambiguity, chaos, and disorder. Psychological conservatives prefer the security and stability brought by conformity to tradition. Psychological liberalism and conservatism are not identical to political affiliation, but certainly incline individuals toward certain political parties. Your level of liberalism is high.
附1：这个“大五人格”理论在心理学里很有名，我找了一个中文版的测试，但出来的报告好像差异不大，措辞也欠考量。有兴趣的可以看看另一个人做出来的，我跟他的分数差别很大，但报告却完全一样。所以又找了个英文版的在线测试，我选的短版。用这个报告的题目也可以在搜索到网络上其他人的报告。
附2：本人其他测试报告
职业倾向测试结果
职业兴趣报告
水瓶座的性格
A note on terminology. Personality traits describe, relative to other people, the frequency or intensity of a person's feelings, thoughts, or behaviors. Possession of a trait is therefore a matter of degree. We might describe two individuals as extraverts, but still see one as more extraverted than the other. This report uses expressions such as "extravert" or "high in extraversion" to describe someone who is likely to be seen by others as relatively extraverted. The computer program that generates this report classifies you as low, average, or high in a trait according to whether your score is approximately in the lowest 30%, middle 40%, or highest 30% of scores obtained by people of your sex and roughly your age. Your numerical scores are reported and graphed as percentile estimates. For example, a score of "60" means that your level on that trait is estimated to be higher than 60% of persons of your sex and age.
Please keep in mind that "low," "average," and "high" scores on a personality test are neither absolutely good nor bad. A particular level on any trait will probably be neutral or irrelevant for a great many activites, be helpful for accomplishing some things, and detrimental for accomplishing other things. As with any personality inventory, scores and descriptions can only approximate an individual's actual personality. High and low score descriptions are usually accurate, but average scores close to the low or high boundaries might misclassify you as only average. On each set of six subdomain scales it is somewhat uncommon but certainly possible to score high in some of the subdomains and low in the others. In such cases more attention should be paid to the subdomain scores than to the broad domain score. Questions about the accuracy of your results are best resolved by showing your report to people who know you well.
John A. Johnson wrote descriptions of the five domains and thirty subdomains. These descriptions are based on an extensive reading of the scientific literature on personality measurement. Although Dr. Johnson would like to be acknowledged as the author of these materials if they are reproduced, he has placed them in the public domain.
Extraversion
Extraversion is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy being with people, are full of energy, and often experience positive emotions. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented, individuals who are likely to say "Yes!" or "Let's go!" to opportunities for excitement. In groups they like to talk, assert themselves, and draw attention to themselves.
Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be quiet, low-key, deliberate, and disengaged from the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; the introvert simply needs less stimulation than an extravert and prefers to be alone. The independence and reserve of the introvert is sometimes mistaken as unfriendliness or arrogance. In reality, an introvert who scores high on the agreeableness dimension will not seek others out but will be quite pleasant when approached.
EXTRAVERSION...............15
..Friendliness.............7
..Gregariousness...........55
..Assertiveness............17
..Activity Level...........27
..Excitement-Seeking.......36
..Cheerfulness.............11
Your score on Extraversion is low, indicating you are introverted, reserved, and quiet. You enjoy solitude and solitary activities. Your socializing tends to be restricted to a few close friends.
Extraversion Facets
Friendliness.
Friendly people genuinely like other people and openly demonstrate positive feelings toward others. They make friends quickly and it is easy for them to form close, intimate relationships. Low scorers on Friendliness are not necessarily cold and hostile, but they do not reach out to others and are perceived as distant and reserved. Your level of friendliness is low.
Gregariousness.
Gregarious people find the company of others pleasantly stimulating and rewarding. They enjoy the excitement of crowds. Low scorers tend to feel overwhelmed by, and therefore actively avoid, large crowds. They do not necessarily dislike being with people sometimes, but their need for privacy and time to themselves is much greater than for individuals who score high on this scale. Your level of gregariousness is average.
Assertiveness.
High scorers Assertiveness like to speak out, take charge, and direct the activities of others. They tend to be leaders in groups. Low scorers tend not to talk much and let others control the activities of groups. Your level of assertiveness is low.
Activity Level.
Active individuals lead fast-paced, busy lives. They move about quickly, energetically, and vigorously, and they are involved in many activities. People who score low on this scale follow a slower and more leisurely, relaxed pace. Your activity level is low.
Excitement-Seeking.
High scorers on this scale are easily bored without high levels of stimulation. They love bright lights and hustle and bustle. They are likely to take risks and seek thrills. Low scorers are overwhelmed by noise and commotion and are adverse to thrill-seeking. Your level of excitement-seeking is average.
Cheerfulness.
This scale measures positive mood and feelings, not negative emotions (which are a part of the Neuroticism domain). Persons who score high on this scale typically experience a range of positive feelings, including happiness, enthusiasm, optimism, and joy. Low scorers are not as prone to such energetic, high spirits. Your level of positive emotions is low.
Agreeableness
Agreeableness reflects individual differences in concern with cooperation and social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are therefore considerate, friendly, generous, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others'. Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature. They believe people are basically honest, decent, and trustworthy.
Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others' well-being, and therefore are unlikely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others' motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.
Agreeableness is obviously advantageous for attaining and maintaining popularity. Agreeable people are better liked than disagreeable people. On the other hand, agreeableness is not useful in situations that require tough or absolute objective decisions. Disagreeable people can make excellent scientists, critics, or soldiers.
AGREEABLENESS..............62
..Trust....................61
..Morality.................50
..Altruism.................22
..Cooperation..............80
..Modesty..................65
..Sympathy.................63
Your level of Agreeableness is average, indicating some concern with others' Needs, but, generally, unwillingness to sacrifice yourself for others.
Agreeableness Facets
Trust.
A person with high trust assumes that most people are fair, honest, and have good intentions. Persons low in trust see others as selfish, devious, and potentially dangerous. Your level of trust is average.
Morality.
High scorers on this scale see no need for pretense or manipulation when dealing with others and are therefore candid, frank, and sincere. Low scorers believe that a certain amount of deception in social relationships is necessary. People find it relatively easy to relate to the straightforward high-scorers on this scale. They generally find it more difficult to relate to the unstraightforward low-scorers on this scale. It should be made clear that low scorers are not unprincipled or immoral; they are simply more guarded and less willing to openly reveal the whole truth. Your level of morality is average.
Altruism.
Altruistic people find helping other people genuinely rewarding. Consequently, they are generally willing to assist those who are in need. Altruistic people find that doing things for others is a form of self-fulfillment rather than self-sacrifice. Low scorers on this scale do not particularly like helping those in need. Requests for help feel like an imposition rather than an opportunity for self-fulfillment. Your level of altruism is low.
Cooperation.
Individuals who score high on this scale dislike confrontations. They are perfectly willing to compromise or to deny their own needs in order to get along with others. Those who score low on this scale are more likely to intimidate others to get their way. Your level of compliance is high.
Modesty.
High scorers on this scale do not like to claim that they are better than other people. In some cases this attitude may derive from low self-confidence or self-esteem. Nonetheless, some people with high self-esteem find immodesty unseemly. Those who are willing to describe themselves as superior tend to be seen as disagreeably arrogant by other people. Your level of modesty is average.
Sympathy.
People who score high on this scale are tenderhearted and compassionate. They feel the pain of others vicariously and are easily moved to pity. Low scorers are not affected strongly by human suffering. They pride themselves on making objective judgments based on reason. They are more concerned with truth and impartial justice than with mercy. Your level of tender-mindedness is average.
Conscientiousness
Conscientiousness concerns the way in which we control, regulate, and direct our impulses. Impulses are not inherently bad; occasionally time constraints require a snap decision, and acting on our first impulse can be an effective response. Also, in times of play rather than work, acting spontaneously and impulsively can be fun. Impulsive individuals can be seen by others as colorful, fun-to-be-with, and zany.
Nonetheless, acting on impulse can lead to trouble in a number of ways. Some impulses are antisocial. Uncontrolled antisocial acts not only harm other members of society, but also can result in retribution toward the perpetrator of such impulsive acts. Another problem with impulsive acts is that they often produce immediate rewards but undesirable, long-term consequences. Examples include excessive socializing that leads to being fired from one's job, hurling an insult that causes the breakup of an important relationship, or using pleasure-inducing drugs that eventually destroy one's health.
Impulsive behavior, even when not seriously destructive, diminishes a person's effectiveness in significant ways. Acting impulsively disallows contemplating alternative courses of action, some of which would have been wiser than the impulsive choice. Impulsivity also sidetracks people during projects that require organized sequences of steps or stages. Accomplishments of an impulsive person are therefore small, scattered, and inconsistent.
A hallmark of intelligence, what potentially separates human beings from earlier life forms, is the ability to think about future consequences before acting on an impulse. Intelligent activity involves contemplation of long-range goals, organizing and planning routes to these goals, and persisting toward one's goals in the face of short-lived impulses to the contrary. The idea that intelligence involves impulse control is nicely captured by the term prudence, an alternative label for the Conscientiousness domain. Prudent means both wise and cautious. Persons who score high on the Conscientiousness scale are, in fact, perceived by others as intelligent.
The benefits of high conscientiousness are obvious. Conscientious individuals avoid trouble and achieve high levels of success through purposeful planning and persistence. They are also positively regarded by others as intelligent and reliable. On the negative side, they can be compulsive perfectionists and workaholics. Furthermore, extremely conscientious individuals might be regarded as stuffy and boring. Unconscientious people may be criticized for their unreliability, lack of ambition, and failure to stay within the lines, but they will experience many short-lived pleasures and they will never be called stuffy.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS..........53
..Self-Efficacy............24
..Orderliness..............92
..Dutifulness..............54
..Achievement-Striving.....17
..Self-Discipline..........17
..Cautiousness.............80
Your score on Conscientiousness is average. This means you are reasonably reliable, organized, and self-controlled.
Conscientiousness Facets
Self-Efficacy.
Self-Efficacy describes confidence in one's ability to accomplish things. High scorers believe they have the intelligence (common sense), drive, and self-control necessary for achieving success. Low scorers do not feel effective, and may have a sense that they are not in control of their lives. Your level of self-efficacy is low.
Orderliness.
Persons with high scores on orderliness are well-organized. They like to live according to routines and schedules. They keep lists and make plans. Low scorers tend to be disorganized and scattered. Your level of orderliness is high.
Dutifulness.
This scale reflects the strength of a person's sense of duty and obligation. Those who score high on this scale have a strong sense of moral obligation. Low scorers find contracts, rules, and regulations overly confining. They are likely to be seen as unreliable or even irresponsible. Your level of dutifulness is average.
Achievement-Striving.
Individuals who score high on this scale strive hard to achieve excellence. Their drive to be recognized as successful keeps them on track toward their lofty goals. They often have a strong sense of direction in life, but extremely high scores may be too single-minded and obsessed with their work. Low scorers are content to get by with a minimal amount of work, and might be seen by others as lazy. Your level of achievement striving is low.
Self-Discipline.
Self-discipline-what many people call will-power-refers to the ability to persist at difficult or unpleasant tasks until they are completed. People who possess high self-discipline are able to overcome reluctance to begin tasks and stay on track despite distractions. Those with low self-discipline procrastinate and show poor follow-through, often failing to complete tasks-even tasks they want very much to complete. Your level of self-discipline is low.
Cautiousness.
Cautiousness describes the disposition to think through possibilities before acting. High scorers on the Cautiousness scale take their time when making decisions. Low scorers often say or do first thing that comes to mind without deliberating alternatives and the probable consequences of those alternatives. Your level of cautiousness is high.
Neuroticism
Freud originally used the term neurosis to describe a condition marked by mental distress, emotional suffering, and an inability to cope effectively with the normal demands of life. He suggested that everyone shows some signs of neurosis, but that we differ in our degree of suffering and our specific symptoms of distress. Today neuroticism refers to the tendency to experience negative feelings. Those who score high on Neuroticism may experience primarily one specific negative feeling such as anxiety, anger, or depression, but are likely to experience several of these emotions. People high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive. They respond emotionally to events that would not affect most people, and their reactions tend to be more intense than normal. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening, and minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish a neurotic's ability to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings; frequency of positive emotions is a component of the Extraversion domain.
NEUROTICISM................41
..Anxiety..................36
..Anger....................8
..Depression...............72
..Self-Consciousness.......83
..Immoderation.............6
..Vulnerability............68
Your score on Neuroticism is average, indicating that your level of emotional reactivity is typical of the general population. Stressful and frustrating situations are somewhat upsetting to you, but you are generally able to get over these feelings and cope with these situations.
Neuroticism Facets
Anxiety.
The "fight-or-flight" system of the brain of anxious individuals is too easily and too often engaged. Therefore, people who are high in anxiety often feel like something dangerous is about to happen. They may be afraid of specific situations or be just generally fearful. They feel tense, jittery, and nervous. Persons low in Anxiety are generally calm and fearless. Your level of anxiety is average.
Anger.
Persons who score high in Anger feel enraged when things do not go their way. They are sensitive about being treated fairly and feel resentful and bitter when they feel they are being cheated. This scale measures the tendency to feel angry; whether or not the person expresses annoyance and hostility depends on the individual's level on Agreeableness. Low scorers do not get angry often or easily. Your level of anger is low.
Depression.
This scale measures the tendency to feel sad, dejected, and discouraged. High scorers lack energy and have difficult initiating activities. Low scorers tend to be free from these depressive feelings. Your level of depression is high.
Self-Consciousness.
Self-conscious individuals are sensitive about what others think of them. Their concern about rejection and ridicule cause them to feel shy and uncomfortable abound others. They are easily embarrassed and often feel ashamed. Their fears that others will criticize or make fun of them are exaggerated and unrealistic, but their awkwardness and discomfort may make these fears a self-fulfilling prophecy. Low scorers, in contrast, do not suffer from the mistaken impression that everyone is watching and judging them. They do not feel nervous in social situations. Your level or self-consciousness is high.
Immoderation.
Immoderate individuals feel strong cravings and urges that they have have difficulty resisting. They tend to be oriented toward short-term pleasures and rewards rather than long- term consequences. Low scorers do not experience strong, irresistible cravings and consequently do not find themselves tempted to overindulge. Your level of immoderation is low.
Vulnerability.
High scorers on Vulnerability experience panic, confusion, and helplessness when under pressure or stress. Low scorers feel more poised, confident, and clear-thinking when stressed. Your level of vulnerability is high.
Openness to Experience
Openness to Experience describes a dimension of cognitive style that distinguishes imaginative, creative people from down-to-earth, conventional people. Open people are intellectually curious, appreciative of art, and sensitive to beauty. They tend to be, compared to closed people, more aware of their feelings. They tend to think and act in individualistic and nonconforming ways. Intellectuals typically score high on Openness to Experience; consequently, this factor has also been called Culture or Intellect. Nonetheless, Intellect is probably best regarded as one aspect of openness to experience. Scores on Openness to Experience are only modestly related to years of education and scores on standard intelligent tests.
Another characteristic of the open cognitive style is a facility for thinking in symbols and abstractions far removed from concrete experience. Depending on the individual's specific intellectual abilities, this symbolic cognition may take the form of mathematical, logical, or geometric thinking, artistic and metaphorical use of language, music composition or performance, or one of the many visual or performing arts. People with low scores on openness to experience tend to have narrow, common interests. They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavors as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty; they are conservative and resistant to change.
Openness is often presented as healthier or more mature by psychologists, who are often themselves open to experience. However, open and closed styles of thinking are useful in different environments. The intellectual style of the open person may serve a professor well, but research has shown that closed thinking is related to superior job performance in police work, sales, and a number of service occupations.
OPENNESS TO EXPERIENCE.....42
..Imagination..............11
..Artistic Interests.......60
..Emotionality.............32
..Adventurousness..........48
..Intellect................48
..Liberalism...............71
Your score on Openness to Experience is average, indicating you enjoy tradition but are willing to try new things. Your thinking is neither simple nor complex. To others you appear to be a well-educated person but not an intellectual.
Openness Facets
Imagination.
To imaginative individuals, the real world is often too plain and ordinary. High scorers on this scale use fantasy as a way of creating a richer, more interesting world. Low scorers are on this scale are more oriented to facts than fantasy. Your level of imagination is low.
Artistic Interests.
High scorers on this scale love beauty, both in art and in nature. They become easily involved and absorbed in artistic and natural events. They are not necessarily artistically trained nor talented, although many will be. The defining features of this scale are interest in, and appreciation of natural and artificial beauty. Low scorers lack aesthetic sensitivity and interest in the arts. Your level of artistic interests is average.
Emotionality.
Persons high on Emotionality have good access to and awareness of their own feelings. Low scorers are less aware of their feelings and tend not to express their emotions openly. Your level of emotionality is low.
Adventurousness.
High scorers on adventurousness are eager to try new activities, travel to foreign lands, and experience different things. They find familiarity and routine boring, and will take a new route home just because it is different. Low scorers tend to feel uncomfortable with change and prefer familiar routines. Your level of adventurousness is average.
Intellect.
Intellect and artistic interests are the two most important, central aspects of openness to experience. High scorers on Intellect love to play with ideas. They are open-minded to new and unusual ideas, and like to debate intellectual issues. They enjoy riddles, puzzles, and brain teasers. Low scorers on Intellect prefer dealing with either people or things rather than ideas. They regard intellectual exercises as a waste of time. Intellect should not be equated with intelligence. Intellect is an intellectual style, not an intellectual ability, although high scorers on Intellect score slightly higher than low-Intellect individuals on standardized intelligence tests. Your level of intellect is average.
Liberalism.
Psychological liberalism refers to a readiness to challenge authority, convention, and traditional values. In its most extreme form, psychological liberalism can even represent outright hostility toward rules, sympathy for law-breakers, and love of ambiguity, chaos, and disorder. Psychological conservatives prefer the security and stability brought by conformity to tradition. Psychological liberalism and conservatism are not identical to political affiliation, but certainly incline individuals toward certain political parties. Your level of liberalism is high.
附1：这个“大五人格”理论在心理学里很有名，我找了一个中文版的测试，但出来的报告好像差异不大，措辞也欠考量。有兴趣的可以看看另一个人做出来的，我跟他的分数差别很大，但报告却完全一样。所以又找了个英文版的在线测试，我选的短版。用这个报告的题目也可以在搜索到网络上其他人的报告。
附2：本人其他测试报告
职业倾向测试结果
职业兴趣报告
水瓶座的性格
Sunday, April 5, 2009
Saturday, April 4, 2009
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Wednesday, April 1, 2009
[转帖]夫妻吵架的艺术
——李昶 2006年
世上没有不吵架的夫妻。从不脸红、相敬如宾的夫妻关系可能是童话或善良的愿望罢了。其实，真正的问题不是在于夫妻该不该吵架，而是在于怎样去吵，怎样在吵架中不失公正原则。到目前为止我还没有读到关于这一内容的专题研究。在这里我仅把自己在这个领域内研究的想法拿出来与朋友们分享。
吵架是讲究艺术的，其核心概念是“夫妻吵架中的公正原则”。这种公正原则应该在吵架中充份体现出来。比方说，当家庭或婚姻关系中发生了矛盾冲突，吵架的双方一定要吵当前这件事，精力集中在当前，就事论事。当我们说到要谈目前的问题，也只要想个办法来解决这个问题。举个例子，妻子对丈夫说：“我希望你知道你现在教育孩子的方式是错误的。”这句话，就把矛盾给定义到的现在，并希望能够有个方法来解决。丈夫可以完全不同意妻子的看法，但这种争执是在当前这件事上的。
夫妻吵架中最容易出的问题是跑题。接上边的例子，如果丈夫一发火，反挺一句。“那你呢？你总认为自己是对的，别人是错的，以显示你的聪明。其实你也很笨。瞧你上周买那件多丑的衣服，还花了那么多钱。自己脸不洗干净，不照照镜子，还来批评人。”这就是明显的跑题。许多夫妻吵架过程中都出现类似问题。在这里，丈夫的回答就违反了公正原则。其一，妻子本来想谈孩子的教育问题，丈夫把问题转到了妻子身上。其二，丈夫把妻子的看法（不管对否），当作对自己的人身攻击。因而，他马上反过来说妻子笨。其三，扯上上周买衣服这件事也不应该。似乎以前做错一件事，以后连提建议、谈看法、讲批评的权利都没有了。在这种情况下，吵架就不会有中心，自然也解决不了问题，留下的只是怨恨或挫败感。
另外，在吵架过程中，夫妻之间不能攻击一点，不及其余。一个人在一件事上有错，在过去有失误，不能因此就把整个人给否定了。最常见的例子，丈夫对妻子说：“你真笨，你真笨。”如果妻子做一件小事做错了。比如，不小心把计算机中一个文件给删除了，而丈夫用“你真笨”来讽说它。这就是攻击一点，不及其余。不能用部分真实来否定一切以及整个人。不能因此把人格都给否定了。这也是不公正的。
下面要谈的是，不能乱找理由来为自己开脱，而掩盖自己的真实动机。这种现象也是非常普遍的，这里我说的“理由”是指“Ｒｅａｓｏｎ”。打个比方，丈夫晚上和同事跑去喝酒，玩去了。而妻子在家等他回去吃饭，可他没有按时回去。他回家之后对妻子解释说他和同事去吃饭，对维持工作关系很重要。实际上，他内心里是自己觉得家里闷，妻子乏味。也就是说，他给了一个别种理由，来向妻子解释他的行为，但他并没有真正给出自己行为的动机。人们往往用一个理由（Ｒｅａｓｏｎ）来为自己开脱、解释，而不愿意说明真实的行为动机（Ｍｏｔｉｖｅ）。在夫妻关系中，如果经常用理由来为自己开脱、辩护，而不说明行为动机。时间一长，夫妻之间的信任度会降低。吵架的频率自然会上升。在婚外情关系中，无论对婚外情人还是配偶，当事人一般常用理由来掩饰真正的动机。当然，作为外人，许多时候是很难判定当事人给出的是理由（Ｒｅａｓｏｎ）还是动机（Ｍｏｔｉｖｅ）。这只有他自己才知道！
夫妻吵架中翻旧帐，是失去中心（ｌｏｓｅ ｆｏｃｕｓ）。一般来讲，发生矛盾冲突，应该就事论事。集中在事件发生的原因并探讨解决的办法。但许多夫妻吵架时，五分钟以后他们争吵的不是引起吵架的那件事，而是翻出陈芝麻烂谷子来数落和打击对方。
在夫妻吵架中，双方不要攻击无辜的人，如“你就像你妈一样”。这是有失夫妻吵架中的公正原则。其一，夫妻吵架是你俩口子的事，与他人无关；其二，攻击和打击不在场的人（别人与你们目前吵的事没有直接联系），是不公正的，也是不道德的。
在吵架中的另一原则是诚实。是对的方面，你要坚持但也要给对方留下接受的时间和空间；是错的方面，坦诚让步或道歉。勇于认错是人格成熟的表现，而不是一个面子问题。撒谎是最行不通的。为了掩盖一个谎言，你往往要撒几个慌。然而，真相或事实最终还会暴露出来而成为输家。
在夫妻吵架中容易把对与错的问题绝对化。许多人与他人发生矛盾都是产生于极端化。认为对的就是对的（往往认为自己是对的），错的就是错的（往往认为对方是错的）。其实，心理学上大量研究表明，发生在社会与生活中和人与人之间的矛盾冲突，很少有绝对的对与错和绝对的黑与白。大部分问题是落在“灰色区域”（ｇｒｅｙ ａｒｅａ）内。“灰色区域”是一个心理学上的概念，指我们在认识事物的时候，大部分情况下并无绝对的黑与白，绝对的对与错。人与人之间产生的不同看法和想法而导致矛盾冲突，在本质上和很大程度上是出于不同人看问题的角度不同而得出不同的结论罢了。
在夫妻吵架中（也包括与他人发生矛盾冲突），最不道德的是人身攻击，尤其是攻击对方相貌、体形、外表来打击对方的自尊心和自信心。世界上几乎任何人，不管外表多好，只有他／她自己或他／他很接近的人才知道其天生的不足。以攻击他人外表形象并想用此来压住对方的人，手段上是恶劣的，行为上是卑鄙的。
“人格暗杀”（Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ ａｓｓａｓｓｉｎａｔｉｏｎ）在夫妻吵架中也经常出现。即说一些能刺痛对方的恶毒的话（不一定是骂人的话），或是专门去揭对方心痛的、有忌讳的事，用以打击对方。
心理学上有一个有趣的研究范围，叫做“归因理论”（ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ）。其中很重要的部分是指一种普遍的心理现象：即我所犯的错误都是环境导致的（Ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎａｌ）；他人所犯的错误都是性格导致的（Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ）。我们自己做错事时，总是去找无数个外在理由来为自己开脱。即“因为如此……，我才做错了。”他人犯错误时，大多评价将是“他性格如此。”“他就是这样的人。”“他命中注定犯错倒霉。”“他品行太坏。”换言之，开脱自己和诋毁他人常常为人与人之间发生矛盾冲突时的行为。虽然我们大多数都自觉地这样做，但并不代表这种心态和做法是正确的。这种行为导致的结果往往是专断、一言堂、不宽容。进而形成只要是不合乎自己意见的都是错的和本性很坏的习惯。
学会“制怒”是夫妻吵架艺术中的关键之招。当人一发怒，说话会出口伤人，想传达的意思传达不出。而听话的一方的心理防御机制（Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ）已经启动而听不进任何话的解释（指真正的交流）。所以当你要发怒时，其中一方应该停下来离开现场（ｔｉｍｅ ｏｕｔ），直到对方或双方冷静下来再回来谈。如果怒发冲冠，非说不可，你就先心里默默数数。理想的数目是从１到３０；实在忍不住，你从１数到１０，然后再说你想说的。心理学上对发怒和制怒的研究表明，经历几秒至几十秒的时间间隔后，你说出来的话的攻击性会比马上破口而出（或破口大骂）的话要温和和理性一些，对对方的伤害也会小一些。这点今后写文另谈。
夫妻吵架中的公正原则还涉及到其他一些范围。例如，夫妇俩不应当着孩子的面吵架。经常这样做会给孩子在心理上留下深刻的创伤。同时，孩子可能学到这种坏习惯，即把夫妻之间（男女之间）的关系建立在吵闹之上。长大以后，孩子会用同样的方式去对对待情人或配偶，从而把自己的婚姻和家庭关系搞得一团糟。
更为严重的是，如果夫妻中一方把对方不好的事向孩子倾诉，试图把孩子拉入统一战线用以打击对方，这将会对孩子的精神和人格（即性格）带来灾难性的后果。其一，儿童的世界是儿童的世界。如果向孩子倾诉配偶一方的不好，就是把儿童在心理上强行拉入成人才能应付的那些压力或脏东西。长期下去，儿童会因为精神上不堪重负而出现严重的心理障碍，或严重的行为问题。情况更严重的甚至可能会出现精神分裂。其二，儿童天性有一种与生俱来的对亲生父母的忠诚（ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ）。父母中的上述行为会导致“忠奸分裂”（ｓｐｌｉｔ ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ），这也会导致严重的心理和行为问题。教养儿童问题是一个很大的专题，容今后专门撰文祥述。
总之，夫妻之间，绝对不吵架是不可能的。但吵架总要将究吵法，吵了要解决问题才行。在吵架中，至少应慢慢学会把握一些原则。这样，在吵架不失公正，也少一些对彼此的伤害，多一些解决问题的理性和方法。
附：李昶（chàng），在中国获学士硕士学位，后赴英国和美国攻读心理辅导及婚姻家庭心理研究，获硕士博士学位。曾担任美国“亚洲广播电台”婚姻家庭系列专题节目主讲人。现为注册婚姻家庭心理治疗师，从事心理治疗工作。这篇文章的原文地址：夫妻吵架的艺术。
世上没有不吵架的夫妻。从不脸红、相敬如宾的夫妻关系可能是童话或善良的愿望罢了。其实，真正的问题不是在于夫妻该不该吵架，而是在于怎样去吵，怎样在吵架中不失公正原则。到目前为止我还没有读到关于这一内容的专题研究。在这里我仅把自己在这个领域内研究的想法拿出来与朋友们分享。
吵架是讲究艺术的，其核心概念是“夫妻吵架中的公正原则”。这种公正原则应该在吵架中充份体现出来。比方说，当家庭或婚姻关系中发生了矛盾冲突，吵架的双方一定要吵当前这件事，精力集中在当前，就事论事。当我们说到要谈目前的问题，也只要想个办法来解决这个问题。举个例子，妻子对丈夫说：“我希望你知道你现在教育孩子的方式是错误的。”这句话，就把矛盾给定义到的现在，并希望能够有个方法来解决。丈夫可以完全不同意妻子的看法，但这种争执是在当前这件事上的。
夫妻吵架中最容易出的问题是跑题。接上边的例子，如果丈夫一发火，反挺一句。“那你呢？你总认为自己是对的，别人是错的，以显示你的聪明。其实你也很笨。瞧你上周买那件多丑的衣服，还花了那么多钱。自己脸不洗干净，不照照镜子，还来批评人。”这就是明显的跑题。许多夫妻吵架过程中都出现类似问题。在这里，丈夫的回答就违反了公正原则。其一，妻子本来想谈孩子的教育问题，丈夫把问题转到了妻子身上。其二，丈夫把妻子的看法（不管对否），当作对自己的人身攻击。因而，他马上反过来说妻子笨。其三，扯上上周买衣服这件事也不应该。似乎以前做错一件事，以后连提建议、谈看法、讲批评的权利都没有了。在这种情况下，吵架就不会有中心，自然也解决不了问题，留下的只是怨恨或挫败感。
另外，在吵架过程中，夫妻之间不能攻击一点，不及其余。一个人在一件事上有错，在过去有失误，不能因此就把整个人给否定了。最常见的例子，丈夫对妻子说：“你真笨，你真笨。”如果妻子做一件小事做错了。比如，不小心把计算机中一个文件给删除了，而丈夫用“你真笨”来讽说它。这就是攻击一点，不及其余。不能用部分真实来否定一切以及整个人。不能因此把人格都给否定了。这也是不公正的。
下面要谈的是，不能乱找理由来为自己开脱，而掩盖自己的真实动机。这种现象也是非常普遍的，这里我说的“理由”是指“Ｒｅａｓｏｎ”。打个比方，丈夫晚上和同事跑去喝酒，玩去了。而妻子在家等他回去吃饭，可他没有按时回去。他回家之后对妻子解释说他和同事去吃饭，对维持工作关系很重要。实际上，他内心里是自己觉得家里闷，妻子乏味。也就是说，他给了一个别种理由，来向妻子解释他的行为，但他并没有真正给出自己行为的动机。人们往往用一个理由（Ｒｅａｓｏｎ）来为自己开脱、解释，而不愿意说明真实的行为动机（Ｍｏｔｉｖｅ）。在夫妻关系中，如果经常用理由来为自己开脱、辩护，而不说明行为动机。时间一长，夫妻之间的信任度会降低。吵架的频率自然会上升。在婚外情关系中，无论对婚外情人还是配偶，当事人一般常用理由来掩饰真正的动机。当然，作为外人，许多时候是很难判定当事人给出的是理由（Ｒｅａｓｏｎ）还是动机（Ｍｏｔｉｖｅ）。这只有他自己才知道！
夫妻吵架中翻旧帐，是失去中心（ｌｏｓｅ ｆｏｃｕｓ）。一般来讲，发生矛盾冲突，应该就事论事。集中在事件发生的原因并探讨解决的办法。但许多夫妻吵架时，五分钟以后他们争吵的不是引起吵架的那件事，而是翻出陈芝麻烂谷子来数落和打击对方。
在夫妻吵架中，双方不要攻击无辜的人，如“你就像你妈一样”。这是有失夫妻吵架中的公正原则。其一，夫妻吵架是你俩口子的事，与他人无关；其二，攻击和打击不在场的人（别人与你们目前吵的事没有直接联系），是不公正的，也是不道德的。
在吵架中的另一原则是诚实。是对的方面，你要坚持但也要给对方留下接受的时间和空间；是错的方面，坦诚让步或道歉。勇于认错是人格成熟的表现，而不是一个面子问题。撒谎是最行不通的。为了掩盖一个谎言，你往往要撒几个慌。然而，真相或事实最终还会暴露出来而成为输家。
在夫妻吵架中容易把对与错的问题绝对化。许多人与他人发生矛盾都是产生于极端化。认为对的就是对的（往往认为自己是对的），错的就是错的（往往认为对方是错的）。其实，心理学上大量研究表明，发生在社会与生活中和人与人之间的矛盾冲突，很少有绝对的对与错和绝对的黑与白。大部分问题是落在“灰色区域”（ｇｒｅｙ ａｒｅａ）内。“灰色区域”是一个心理学上的概念，指我们在认识事物的时候，大部分情况下并无绝对的黑与白，绝对的对与错。人与人之间产生的不同看法和想法而导致矛盾冲突，在本质上和很大程度上是出于不同人看问题的角度不同而得出不同的结论罢了。
在夫妻吵架中（也包括与他人发生矛盾冲突），最不道德的是人身攻击，尤其是攻击对方相貌、体形、外表来打击对方的自尊心和自信心。世界上几乎任何人，不管外表多好，只有他／她自己或他／他很接近的人才知道其天生的不足。以攻击他人外表形象并想用此来压住对方的人，手段上是恶劣的，行为上是卑鄙的。
“人格暗杀”（Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ ａｓｓａｓｓｉｎａｔｉｏｎ）在夫妻吵架中也经常出现。即说一些能刺痛对方的恶毒的话（不一定是骂人的话），或是专门去揭对方心痛的、有忌讳的事，用以打击对方。
心理学上有一个有趣的研究范围，叫做“归因理论”（ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｔｈｅｏｒｙ）。其中很重要的部分是指一种普遍的心理现象：即我所犯的错误都是环境导致的（Ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎａｌ）；他人所犯的错误都是性格导致的（Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ）。我们自己做错事时，总是去找无数个外在理由来为自己开脱。即“因为如此……，我才做错了。”他人犯错误时，大多评价将是“他性格如此。”“他就是这样的人。”“他命中注定犯错倒霉。”“他品行太坏。”换言之，开脱自己和诋毁他人常常为人与人之间发生矛盾冲突时的行为。虽然我们大多数都自觉地这样做，但并不代表这种心态和做法是正确的。这种行为导致的结果往往是专断、一言堂、不宽容。进而形成只要是不合乎自己意见的都是错的和本性很坏的习惯。
学会“制怒”是夫妻吵架艺术中的关键之招。当人一发怒，说话会出口伤人，想传达的意思传达不出。而听话的一方的心理防御机制（Ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅ ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ）已经启动而听不进任何话的解释（指真正的交流）。所以当你要发怒时，其中一方应该停下来离开现场（ｔｉｍｅ ｏｕｔ），直到对方或双方冷静下来再回来谈。如果怒发冲冠，非说不可，你就先心里默默数数。理想的数目是从１到３０；实在忍不住，你从１数到１０，然后再说你想说的。心理学上对发怒和制怒的研究表明，经历几秒至几十秒的时间间隔后，你说出来的话的攻击性会比马上破口而出（或破口大骂）的话要温和和理性一些，对对方的伤害也会小一些。这点今后写文另谈。
夫妻吵架中的公正原则还涉及到其他一些范围。例如，夫妇俩不应当着孩子的面吵架。经常这样做会给孩子在心理上留下深刻的创伤。同时，孩子可能学到这种坏习惯，即把夫妻之间（男女之间）的关系建立在吵闹之上。长大以后，孩子会用同样的方式去对对待情人或配偶，从而把自己的婚姻和家庭关系搞得一团糟。
更为严重的是，如果夫妻中一方把对方不好的事向孩子倾诉，试图把孩子拉入统一战线用以打击对方，这将会对孩子的精神和人格（即性格）带来灾难性的后果。其一，儿童的世界是儿童的世界。如果向孩子倾诉配偶一方的不好，就是把儿童在心理上强行拉入成人才能应付的那些压力或脏东西。长期下去，儿童会因为精神上不堪重负而出现严重的心理障碍，或严重的行为问题。情况更严重的甚至可能会出现精神分裂。其二，儿童天性有一种与生俱来的对亲生父母的忠诚（ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ）。父母中的上述行为会导致“忠奸分裂”（ｓｐｌｉｔ ｌｏｙａｌｔｙ），这也会导致严重的心理和行为问题。教养儿童问题是一个很大的专题，容今后专门撰文祥述。
总之，夫妻之间，绝对不吵架是不可能的。但吵架总要将究吵法，吵了要解决问题才行。在吵架中，至少应慢慢学会把握一些原则。这样，在吵架不失公正，也少一些对彼此的伤害，多一些解决问题的理性和方法。
附：李昶（chàng），在中国获学士硕士学位，后赴英国和美国攻读心理辅导及婚姻家庭心理研究，获硕士博士学位。曾担任美国“亚洲广播电台”婚姻家庭系列专题节目主讲人。现为注册婚姻家庭心理治疗师，从事心理治疗工作。这篇文章的原文地址：夫妻吵架的艺术。
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